Nothing is permanently secured with 5 min epoxy. It had decent “pull apart” strength but very low “shear” strength.
I like your original plan better. Fully fill holes with Marine Tex and then re-drill. Marine Tex can be a bit brittle when used like this, so expect to have to do it again, down the line.
A better way to do this job, with increased permanence would be to either put a backing piece of some HDPE product like Starboard behind the screw hole and then using a longer self-tapping screw to grab the backing piece.
Or if you can’t get behind the screw hole, then drill the hole a bit more oversized (like if the correct screw was a #10, then open up the hole with a 1/4” drill bit), and then fill the oversized hole with marine epoxy resin, thickened with either wood flour, micro balloons, or Cabosil.
I tend to gravitate to West Systems epoxy products, but have also used MAS and Interlux epoxies with excellent results.
Anyway, leave it sit overnight and then re-drill the hole with the proper-sized drill bit. Then reinstall your #10 screw. That’s the two methods I’ve used all over my own 34-yr old boat. Still floats.
I think.
