Climate Change

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Interesting ice out data...

Diminishing ice cover on Maine’s lakes could impact fish populations​

pressherald.com/2021/04/25/diminishing-ice-cover-on-maines-lakes-could-impact-fish-populations/

By Vanessa PaolellaApril 25, 2021

This March 31, 2020, aerial photo of Lake Auburn from above Summer Street in Auburn illustrates how the south end is usually the last part of the lake to thaw. Ice-out was called the week after the photo was taken. People who are near the lake around the time of ice-out may hear a “tinkling” sound. As the ice melts, it forms pencil-like crystals arranged vertically through the ice mass. The ice becomes crystallized or “honey combed.” The pencil-like crystals fall against each other like dominoes when the waves of open water nibble at the ice edge, creating that special sound. Russ Dillingham/Sun Journal file Buy this Photo

AUBURN — In September 2012, local and state officials noticed something odd at Lake Auburn. Fish were dying for no discernible reason.

First, they saw just five. On the fifth day, a total of 50 dead fish, many of them lake trout, had been found.
Officials eventually recovered more than 200 dead or dying fish in all, making it the first fish kill ever recorded in Lake Auburn.

Scientists and officials said the event was related to an unseasonably warm year which resulted in an early ice-out on Lake Auburn and, later, the growth of a large, harmful algal bloom.

“What we have seen is that phosphorus has remained steady but that ice-in, during the late fall and early winter, is coming later and later and the ice is gone much sooner than we have seen. That’s giving us a longer period for the algae to grow,” John Storer, superintendent of the Auburn Water District, said following the incident.

“Ice-out” is the first day of the year when the ice cover of a lake has thawed. The exact definition varies and each lake has its own standards: Some call for 80% of the ice to have melted, while others define ice-out by when a boat is able to traverse the lake.

In 2012, Lake Auburn monitors recorded the lake’s second earliest ice-out date since 1836. It was bumped to third-earliest when 2016 recorded the earliest-ever ice-out date of March 18.

In the mid-1800s, the average ice-out date for Lake Auburn was April 28. Now, almost two centuries later, ice-out usually arrives three weeks earlier.


Ice-out dates for Lake Auburn dating back to 1836. Ice-out occurs on average three weeks earlier at Lake Auburn now than it did in the 1800s. The green line represents the rolling 10-year average, which smooths out yearly swings in ice-out dates and provides a clearer picture of long-term trends. Vanessa Paolella

Lloyd Irland, a professional forester, became interested in changing ice duration after studying the impacts of extreme weather events on forestry. He has analyzed ice-out trends for more than 20 years.

Irland said changes in ice cover duration are often relatively symmetrical at both the start and end of the season. That means that Lake Auburn may be ice-covered for as many as six weeks less on average today than it was in the mid-1800s.

And, Lake Auburn isn’t the only lake with waning ice. Lakes throughout Maine and New England are showing similar trends.

In Norway, Pennesseewassee Lake’s average ice-out date has shifted from May 1 in the late 1800s to April 12 today, a 19-day difference. Rangeley Lake’s ice-out is 11 days earlier on average now than it was in the late 1800s. Wilson Lake in Wilton has the smallest change of the four lakes; the average ice-out date is just a week earlier.

Scientists say this long-term trend is an indicator of climate change. Warming temperatures are leading to milder winters with less snow, resulting in shorter periods of ice cover for Maine’s lakes.

In the short-term, ice cover is highly variable year-to-year. At times, there may be a series of years where ice cover actually increases.

However, the long-term trends are clear: Maine’s lakes spend less time covered in ice now than they did decades earlier.


Ice-out dates for Pennesseewassee Lake in Norway dating back to 1874. Ice-out occurs on average 19 days earlier at Pennesseewassee Lake now than it did in the late 1800s. The green line represents the rolling 10-year average, which smooths out yearly swings in ice-out dates and provides a clearer picture of long-term trends. Vanessa Paolella

IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY
Scientists say diminishing ice cover and warmer water may lead to a decline in water quality and hurt some species of fish. As the climate continues to grow warmer and more variable, the duration of ice cover on Maine’s lakes will continue to decrease.

Scott Williams, the executive director of Lake Stewards of Maine, explained that Maine’s lakes have especially good water quality in part due to the state’s cold climate. Cold water discourages the growth of microorganisms like algae and plankton, keeping lake water clear for much of the year.

Shorter periods of ice cover and rising air temperatures work in tandem, increasing water temperature and improving the growing conditions for microorganisms. This, in conjunction with other environmental factors such as excess nutrients, increases the prevalence and severity of harmful algal blooms.

As algal blooms die and decay, they consume precious oxygen from the water. In some cases, like at Lake Auburn in 2012, oxygen levels dropped so low following the algal bloom that fish were unable to breath and many died.

Most algae and phytoplankton are not harmful to human health, however large growths of these microorganisms can impact the clarity and taste of drinking water sources.

Ice and snow act as insulators, keeping lake water cool. Snow in particular helps reflect heat from the sun and prolong the time lakes spend covered in ice.

Yet, rain is becoming more common during the winter, and snow less so, leading to thinner, less developed ice cover. This is mainly due to changing climate patterns and rising temperatures during the winter months.

“The averages of annual temperatures are rising primarily in the winter,” Irland said. “The summer averages are not increasing that much, but the winter averages are rising.”

Irland stressed that while ice-out dates are useful, the problem is more complex than monitoring when lakes thaw. Ice cover is just one part of a complex series of ecological processes.

“Just looking at the ice-out phase on the lake understates the significance of the trickle effect of the ice regime on the availability of the oxygenation, how early the spring turnover is, (and) how late the fall turnover is now,” he said.


This photo taken in 2019 shows one of two large sections of open water on Lake Auburn near Tabers Restaurant and Mini Golf on Lake Shore Drive in Auburn. Russ Dillingham/Sun Journal file

ENVIRONMENTAL MISMATCH
Research shows that ice cover isn’t just getting shorter, it is also becoming more variable.
Irland said that extreme weather events are becoming more common; this directly impacts ice cover and ice-out dates.

“The difference between the highs and lows (in ice cover duration) 50 years ago was smaller than it is now,” Irland said.

Merry Gallagher, a fisheries biologist for the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife, explained that ecosystems have evolved to deal with a limited amount of environmental variability.

“Environmental variability is normal, and fish species, like everything else, all other biota on the planet, have evolved under somewhat variable conditions anyway,” she said.

When conditions change beyond those bounds, ecological timelines may no longer line up.


Ice-out dates for Rangeley Lake dating back to 1880. Ice-out occurs on average 11 days earlier now at Rangeley Lake than it did in the late 1800s. The green line represents the rolling 10-year average, which smooths out yearly swings in ice-out dates and provides a clearer picture of long-term trends.

Usually, fish eggs hatch at approximately the same time plankton populations are increasing. The hatchling fish rely on plankton as their first food source.

However, warming water temperatures may cause fish to hatch early. If the fish hatch before the plankton are able to grow, many will starve. This misalignment of events is called environmental mismatch.

“(Fish) may be hatching at a point in the lakes’ planktonic cycle that isn’t quite up to the level to provide adequate food resources for all those hatching fish eggs,” Gallagher said. “So that’s where we get into environmental mismatches.”

Lake whitefish is one type of fish which has been impacted by increasing variation. Biologists noticed that less larval lake whitefish were reaching maturity and found that in some years, the fish were hatching earlier than usual.

Because of this, populations of lake whitefish are experiencing decline in Maine.

Gallagher said biologists have similar concerns for other species of fish in the state. Environmental conditions are changing faster than many species of fish, particularly native species, can adapt to, and variations in ice cover are part of the problem.

There isn’t much that scientists can do to change the weather or the temperature of the water. What they can do, Gallagher said, is improve in-flowing streams which often add cool, oxygen rich water to lakes.

“It’s more about maintaining cool water influx from the tributaries into those lakes to make sure that those lakes stay cool enough over time to continue for those populations to thrive and persist,” she said.

“There’s big changes happening all around,” Gallagher added. “And (the effects of climate change) is not something that we can continue to ignore. We just have to face it. We have to adjust some ways so that our fish and wildlife can can continue to thrive.”


Ice-out dates for Wilson Lake in Wilton dating back to 1889. Ice-out occurs on average one weeks earlier at Wilson Lake now than it did in the late 1800s. The green line represents the rolling 10-year average, which smooths out yearly swings in ice-out dates and provides a clearer picture of long-term trends. Vanessa Paolella
 
Interesting offshoot of higher temps Why Record-Breaking Overnight Temperatures Are So Concerning

Regrettably no way to cut and past the figures and graphs. In the graph below the X axis is "Years" starting in 1990 and the Y axis is broken into 25s so the red 2021 June total of night time records broken is 134

Why Record-Breaking Overnight Temperatures Are So Concerning​

Nights are warming faster than days across most of the U.S., with potentially deadly consequences.

Last month was the hottest June on record in North America, with more than 1,200 daily temperature records broken in the final week alone. But overlooked in much of the coverage were an even greater number of daily records set by a different — and potentially more dangerous — measure of extreme heat: overnight temperatures.

On average, nights are warming faster than days across most of the United States, according to the 2018 National Climate Assessment Report. It’s part of a global trend that’s being fueled by climate change.

Unusually hot summer nights can lead to a significant number of deaths, according to climate scientists and environmental epidemiologists, because they take away people’s ability to cool down from the day’s heat.

“What’s making the news is the highs, but nighttime minimums have an impact on mortality,” said Lara Cushing, an environmental health scientist at the U.C.L.A. Fielding School of Public Health.

More nighttime temperature records were broken this June than in any previous June on record​



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Why warmer nights are deadlier​

Human bodies need time to cool off. Typically, that would happen in sleep, when body temperature naturally dips. After a hot day, “it’s really important that people have an opportunity to bring their core body temperature down,” said Kristie Ebi, an environmental health scientist at the University of Washington. “When it’s really hot at night, you don’t have that relief and it puts more physiological strain on your body.”

Heat waves are particularly deadly when the temperature rises suddenly. “Our bodies are adaptable, and we do become acclimatized when we have a chance to,” said Dr. Thomas Waters, an emergency medicine physician at the Cleveland Clinic. Most cases of heat stroke occur within the first three days of a heat wave. “When we see sudden increases in temperature and humidity is when people are most vulnerable.”

When it’s both too hot and too humid for sweat to do its job of dissipating body heat, there can be fatal consequences like organ failure.

Prolonged heat waves are particularly dangerous for older people, young children and pregnant women. Heat waves are also more likely to affect people whose wages depend on outdoor work like agriculture or construction; those who are homeless; and people with medical problems like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
In 2006, a heat wave led to nearly 150 heat-related deaths in California, according to coroners’ reports. (There were nearly 600 excess deaths during that period, suggesting an even greater effect.)

What made that particular heat wave dangerous was its humidity, which traps heat at night, resulting in unusually high nighttime temperatures that caught Californians off guard, said Tarik Benmarhnia, an environmental epidemiologist at the University of California, San Diego.

When cities are affected by extreme heat, poorer communities tend to be most vulnerable, he said. Heat-related deaths and hospitalizations in the 2006 California heat wave were higher in ZIP codes with fewer air-conditioners. The highest-income homes were more than three times as likely to use central air-conditioning compared with the lowest-income ones.

Some cities are seeking to alleviate the effects of heat waves by opening cooling centers, checking in on vulnerable people and providing bottled water. Generally, these are done in the day, however.

“It’s really the nighttime that is the problem,” said Rupa Basu, the chief of air and climate epidemiology at the CalEPA’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.

Why are nights getting warmer?​

In some parts of the Pacific Northwest recently, temperatures soared nearly 30 degrees Fahrenheit above their average, an extreme that “would have been virtually impossible without climate change,” said Geert Jan van Oldenborgh of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute.

As temperatures rise, the air can hold more moisture. Water vapor accounts for around 85 percent of the greenhouse effect, according to Alexander Gershunov, a research meteorologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego. The water vapor doesn’t cause the initial warming, but there’s a feedback loop: Higher temperatures increase moisture in the air, and more moisture traps more heat close to the ground’s surface, like a blanket, which leads to more warming.

“Of all the extreme weather events, heat waves are the most directly related to climate change,” he said. He thinks of climate change as the “steroids” behind heat waves.

“In general, minimum temperatures are warming faster than maximum temperatures in the U.S.,” said Claudia Tebaldi, an earth scientist and climate modeler at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

She cautioned that it wasn’t clear if nights would keep warming faster than days, but that it was certain that climate change was going to make heat waves more frequent and severe in coming decades. As a general rule, she explained that for every one-degree increase in the global average temperature, the extreme temperatures — that is, the high highs and the high lows — will rise by up to twice as much.

“It’s one of those things that unfortunately is known to be a fact,” she said. “There is not much uncertainty about the fact that warming is going to make these extremes much more severe.”
 

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Here's a great by product of Climate Change, it may wipe Vegas off the map. Can you tell I'm not a fan??

The Colorado River, which provides water to Vegas, and across much of the Southwest is starting to run dry. Here's a graph showing the levels at Lake Mead and the Hoover Dam. The last year it was "full" was back in 1983..

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Hmmm, now that I think about it, NOLA is looking down the barrel of another Cat 4 Hurricane hit, and Vegas is going to dry up. Looks like God is trying to get rid of Sodom and Gomorrah again, LOL...
 
An new divorce excuse, climate change...

Climate Change Is Driving Some Albatrosses to ‘Divorce,’ Study Finds​

Warming oceans are sending the monogamous sea birds farther afield to find food, putting stress on their breeding and prompting some to ditch their partners.

MELBOURNE, Australia — Albatrosses usually mate for life, making them among the most monogamous creatures on the planet. But climate change may be driving more of the birds to “divorce,” a study published last week by New Zealand’s Royal Society says.

The study of 15,500 breeding pairs of black-browed albatrosses on New Island in the Falklands used data spanning 15 years. The researchers, led by Francesco Ventura of the University of Lisbon, found that the divorce rate among the birds, which averaged 3.7 percent over that period, increased in years in which the ocean was warmest. In 2017, it rose to 7.7 percent.

Albatross divorce is typically very rare. The most common trigger for permanent separation is an inability to successfully fledge a chick, the report noted. In the years that the sea was unusually warm, the albatrosses were more likely both to struggle with fertility and to divorce — the technical term used by the researchers — foreshadowing a worrisome trend for seabird populations in general as temperatures rise globally.

“Increasing sea surface temperature led to an increase in divorce,” Mr. Ventura, a conservation biologist, said in an interview.

But even after the models factored in higher breeding failure in warmer years, that by itself did not explain the rise in divorce rates, the researchers found. “We see there is still something that is left unexplained,” Mr. Ventura said.

The large sea birds are found across the Southern Hemisphere, in countries like New Zealand, and off the coast of Argentina. They are known for their expansive travels, wingspan of up to 11 feet and long lives. They can survive for decades. The black-browed albatrosses take their name from the swooping, sooty brows that give them an expression of perennial irritation.

Albatrosses in partnerships spend most of the year apart, reuniting each season to raise chicks together. The male typically arrives first on land, where he waits for his partner and tends to their nest.

“It’s pretty obvious they love each other,” said Graeme Elliott, an albatross expert at New Zealand’s Department of Conservation who was not involved in the New Island study. “After you’ve been watching albatrosses for 30, 40 years, you can kind of spot it. They do all this stuff that we think’s important — human emotion stuff, you know — greeting the long-lost mate, and they love each other, and they’re going to have a baby. It’s wonderful.”

The birds usually return to the same partner each breeding season. The pairs perform a dance of reunion that becomes more synchronized over the years. “They increase the quality of the performance with the years — first a bit awkward, and then, as time goes by, they get better and better and better,” Mr. Ventura said.

The stress of warmer seas appears to disrupt that delicate balance, especially if the birds arrive for the breeding season late or in poorer health after having flown farther to find food.

“We expect cooler waters to be associated with more nutrient-rich and more resource-rich conditions, whereas warmer waters are resource-poor conditions,” Mr. Ventura said.

Some albatrosses in the population studied ended successful unions and recoupled with a different albatross, the researchers found. (Females, who have an easier time finding a new mate, tend to be the instigators of permanent separations.)

“After a difficult resource-poor breeding season, the greater effort and higher breeding investment can lead stressed females to disrupt the bond with their previous mate and look for a new one, even if previously successful,” the researchers wrote.

Dr. Elliott, the New Zealand albatross expert, said the study’s finding “doesn’t surprise me that much.” Researchers have noticed demographic changes among birds elsewhere as fish populations have declined, he said.

The number of albatrosses on the remote Antipodes Islands, about 530 miles south of New Zealand, has declined by two-thirds over the past 15 years, according to the New Zealand Department of Conservation.

Climate change is a factor: Female birds have traveled well off course in search of harder-to-find food, drawing them into deadly contact with fishing boats and leading to significant population imbalance, Dr. Elliott said.

That has prompted desperate decision-making by male albatrosses who find themselves single, he said. Male-male pairs now make up 2 percent to 5 percent of the bird population on the island, echoing a pattern of same-sex mating behavior across many species. The behavior, with its lack of a clear evolutionary advantage, generally continues to stump researchers.

“We’ve got one-and-a-half to two times as many males as females on the island now,” Dr. Elliott said. “We’ve been getting these male-male pairs forming — the males can’t find mates, and after a while, they decide other males are better than nothing at all.”
 

Australia hits 123 degrees, tying hottest temperature on record in Southern Hemisphere

The Australian high is just one of many temperature extremes to occur in the past two years​


The Southern Hemisphere may have just matched its hottest temperature on record Thursday. A station in Onslow, a small coastal town in Western Australia, registered a sweltering 123.3 degrees (50.7 degrees Celsius) amid a severe heat wave.

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has begun a meticulous review of the temperature reading. If verified, it would tie the all-time high reading set in Oodnadatta, Australia, on Jan. 2, 1960.

A massive heat dome was parked over Western Australia, with Onslow sitting directly underneath it. Temperatures were about 20 degrees Fahrenheit (11 degrees Celsius) above normal at the hottest time of year.

“Considering the increasing temperature trends over the past decades, it is less surprising that we see extreme temperatures like the one in Western Australia at the moment,” wrote Nina Ridder, researcher at the Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes at the University of New South Wales at Sydney.

Western Australia is currently coming off of its third-warmest December in 2021. Ridder said mean sea surface temperatures in northwest Western Australia have also been above average — about 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) higher in December 2021 than average — and could have detrimental effects on marine ecosystems, such as inducing coral bleaching.

The extreme temperature arrives the same week that several of the world’s top climate research institutions announced the past seven years have been the hottest in recorded history. In that time, temperature records have been broken across the world. The WMO has four ongoing investigations, having just completed another.

“Since the creation of the WMO World Archive of Weather and Climate Extremes in 2007, we have never had so many ongoing verification/evaluations as we currently do,” Randy Cerveny, who leads the World Meteorological Organization’s weather and climate extremes team, wrote in an email.

Here is a select list of verified and unverified national and international record-breaking temperatures (in recorded history) in just the past two years:
  • World’s hottest year at 1.08 degrees (0.6 Celsius) warmer than 1981-2010 average: 2020 tied with 2016
  • World’s hottest month at 1.67 degrees (0.93 degrees Celsius) above the 20th-century average: July 2021
  • World’s hottest (and North America’s hottest) reliable temperature at 129.9 degrees (54.4 degrees Celsius), at least since 1931: Death Valley, Calif., Aug. 16, 2020, and July 9, 2021
  • Arctic’s hottest temperature at 100.4 degrees (38 degrees Celsius): Verkhoyansk, Russia, June 20, 2020.
  • Antarctica’s coldest season with an average of minus-78 degrees (minus-61 Celsius): 2021
  • Europe’s hottest temperature at 119.8 degrees (48.8 degrees Celsius): Syracuse, Italy, Aug. 11, 2021
  • Canada’s hottest temperature at 121 degrees (49.6 degrees Celsius): Lytton, B.C., June 29, 2021
  • Turkey’s hottest temperature at 120.4 degrees (49.1 degrees Celsius): Cizre, July 20, 2021
  • Spain’s hottest temperature at 117 degrees (47.4 degrees Celsius): Montoro, Aug. 14, 2021
  • Greece’s hottest temperature at 115.3 degrees (46.3 degrees Celsius): Makrakomi, Aug. 2, 2021
  • Paraguay’s hottest temperature at 113.9 degrees (45.5 degrees Celsius): Pozo Hondo, Sept. 26, 2020
  • Oman’s hottest temperature at 124.9 degrees (51.6 degrees Celsius): Joba, June 16, 2021
  • United Arab Emirates tied hottest temperature at 125.2 degrees (51.8 degrees Celsius): Sweihan, June 6, 2021
  • Iraq’s hottest temperature at 125.2 degrees (51.8 degrees Celsius): Baghdad, July 28, 2020
  • Cuba’s hottest temperature at 102.7 degrees (39.3 degrees Celsius): Veguitas, Aug. 11, 2020
  • Ghana’s hottest temperature at 111.2 degrees (44 degrees Celsius): Navrongo, April 6, 2020
  • Lebanon’s hottest temperature at 113.7 degrees (45.4 degrees Celsius): Houche Al Oumara, July 27, 2020
  • Contiguous United States’ warmest December with an average of 39.3 degrees (4 degrees Celsius): 2021
According to climatologist Maximiliano Herrera, in all, 10 different countries tied or broke national heat records in 2021 (Morocco, Taiwan, Tunisia and Dominica, in addition to those listed above).

Those extremes are just scratching the surface. Outside of national or international records, unprecedented extremes are occurring in local communities and at smaller time scales as well.

Cerveny said local high temperatures are being “exceeded much more frequently than low-temperature records.”

Herrera documented 400 weather stations in communities or outposts worldwide that established all-time high temperatures in 2021.

“We are seeing more frequent extremes in temperature,” wrote Cerveny. “The climate that we have lived through over the past decades is changing and we must be aware of that — and realize those fundamental changes have consequences to our way of life.”
 


“We are seeing more frequent extremes in temperature,” wrote Cerveny. “The climate that we have lived through over the past decades is changing and we must be aware of that — and realize those fundamental changes have consequences to our way of life.”


Almost like a huge asteroid is heading towards Earth, but we refuse to look up!
Maybe bonefish will migrate to Peconic Bay.

 
CBS News this morning talking about the tsunami that hit Tonga and how it's yet another story of climate change.

Volcanoes erupt because of climate? Really?

And then we wonder why people question the whole story.
 
CBS News this morning talking about the tsunami that hit Tonga and how it's yet another story of climate change.

Volcanoes erupt because of climate? Really?

And then we wonder why people question the whole story.
Yes because it fits the narrative. Doesn’t matter what it is - volcanoes, cow farts, coal power plants, internal combustion engines, shampoo (just kidding). It’s like anything else. Follow the cash. The wealthiest people tell everyone else how to live and we either get onboard the train or get ran over. Meanwhile they’re invested in the same technologies that we “must” use to curb climate change.

Would I like to live green, pay nothing for utilities, and drive a sweet looking Tesla? Hell yeah!!! Only problem is I can’t afford the household upgrades and the car payments and neither can the vast majority of Americans.

Like everything else from the powers that be are touting - great on paper, dumpster fire floating down a flooded street in reality. Maybe someday it will work. We’re not there yet and it’s fine. I just don’t want to be force fed anymore nonsense on this topic.

If it’s a shit sandwich call it a shit sandwich, don’t tell me it’s filet mignon.

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Yes because it fits the narrative. Doesn’t matter what it is - volcanoes, cow farts, coal power plants, internal combustion engines, shampoo (just kidding). It’s like anything else. Follow the cash. The wealthiest people tell everyone else how to live and we either get onboard the train or get ran over. Meanwhile they’re invested in the same technologies that we “must” use to curb climate change.

Would I like to live green, pay nothing for utilities, and drive a sweet looking Tesla? Hell yeah!!! Only problem is I can’t afford the household upgrades and the car payments and neither can the vast majority of Americans.

Like everything else from the powers that be are touting - great on paper, dumpster fire floating down a flooded street in reality. Maybe someday it will work. We’re not there yet and it’s fine. I just don’t want to be force fed anymore nonsense on this topic.

If it’s a shit sandwich call it a shit sandwich, don’t tell me it’s filet mignon.

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Exactly. A nation of fools that don't have the slightest clue about engineering or thermodynamics thrown in a panic by the media, spoon-feeding fear. Pretty much all they do. Good for ratings, you know.

I was just watching a documentary about the Concorde and of course they show the protesters. One of these morons is holding a sign about protecting the ozone layer. Ummmm, the Concorde created ozone when it flew. And it created it at altitude, where it would benefit the ozone layer. Low altitude ozone is bad. We call it smog. Up there it's supposed to protect us from UV. But here's someone who's so concerned about the planet that they took the time to make a sign and go to a protest,... making a claim that is 180° away from the reality. Doesn't matter. They DID something.

Whatever happened to the ozone crisis anyway? I guess it served it's purpose and we've moved on?
 
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