As the J&J and AstraZeneca vaccines seem to be approaching their introductions, let's review how they differ from the Pfizer & Moderna vaccines. All of the vaccines end up "fooling" a person's cells to make and release the COVID-19 "Spike Protein". Once this protein is released, the person's immune system recognizes this foreign body, activating a complete immune response, including the production of antibodies against the Spike Protein. The end result is that if a person gets infected by COVID-19, this "primed" immune response can immediately begin to attack the invading COVID-19 viruses.
So how do they do this, here are the steps.
Basic differences:
- AstraZeneca (AZ) and Johnson & Johnson (J&J) have the Spike Protein synthesis instructions embedded in the attenuated adenovirus' native DNA
- Pfizer (PF) and Moderna (MD) have the messenger RNA (mRNA) instruction for Spike Protein synthesis enclosed in lipid nanospheres, which bypasses multiple cellular steps as you'll see below
- AZ, MD, and PF are two dose vaccinations, J&J is a single dose
- The attenuated adenovirus AZ and J&J vaccines are far easier to scale up than the mRNA PF and MDD vaccines
- The Lipid Nanosphere mRNA vaccines have stringent shipping and storage conditions, including dry ice shipment for PF
1. Cellular Entry Mode: Attenuated Adenovirus: AZ, J&J Lipid Nanospheres: PF, MD
2. Changes to Host Cell DNA: AZ, J&J N/A: PF, MD
3. mRNA synthesis: AZ, J&J N/A: PF, MD
4. Spike Protein Synthesis: AZ, J&J PF, MD
5. Spike Protein Release: AZ, J&J PF, MD
Time for a picture to jog your collective memory to remember how cells make proteins from mRNA. It occurs in your cellular ribosomes, those little black dots in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The mRNA can be considered an instruction tape which runs through the ribosome where transfer RNA (tRNA) which is bound to the appropriate amino acid, come together to assemble the polypeptide chain of the COVID-19 Spike Protein. The whole system can be considered to be a cellular nanobot assembly line. Once the protein is completed, it's then released from the cell, activating your immune system.
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